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TIME: Almanac 1995
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TIME Almanac 1995.iso
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1994-03-25
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<text id=93TT0593>
<title>
Dec. 06, 1993: Bodies Of Evidence
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
Dec. 06, 1993 Castro's Cuba:The End Of The Dream
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
ETHICS, Page 70
Bodies Of Evidence
</hdr>
<body>
<p>A furor arises over the rights of the dead after a German university
uses cadavers in car test crashes
</p>
<p> The details were antiseptic yet chilling. Perhaps the most
appalling nicety was bandaging the faces of the dead, so that
researchers would not have to look into their eyes after the
bodies were put through the automobile test crashes. How much
indignity should human remains be allowed to suffer--even
for the cause of science? That ancient debate was renewed last
week by the disclosure that Germany's University of Heidelberg
had, for the past two decades, wired electronic sensors to more
than 200 human corpses (including the bodies of eight children),
strapped them into cars and hurled them at speeds of 30 m.p.h.
into walls, barriers and other vehicles.
</p>
<p> Society has always been reluctant to tolerate research on corpses,
allowing it only when it serves to illuminate the unknown and
improve medical science. But what if the purpose of desecrating
the dead is to learn how to make a better Volkswagen? Germany's
largest automobile club, ADAC, denounced the experiments with
children's bodies as ethically unacceptable. Even more vehement
was the Roman Catholic Church: "A repugnance to the conscience,"
seethed Vatican theologian Gino Concetti, who expressed "uncontrollable
indignation" over tests for which there was "no moral justification."
</p>
<p> Heidelberg researchers pointed out that the use of children's
corpses ended in 1989 and that the tests had never been kept
secret in the first place. One crash study was even published
by a research group representing 40 German automakers including
Daimler Benz, Volkswagen, Opel and Ford. University officials
quickly added that while adult bodies were supplied by homeless
people and organ donors, children's corpses were used only with
the permission of families, who were fully informed of what
the tests would entail.
</p>
<p> Furthermore, Germans are not alone in testing corpses in car
crashes. During the past 20 years, the French carmaker Renault
said about 450 corpses had been used in accident simulations
in France. And since the 1940s, cadavers have been crash-tested
in the U.S. at the University of Virginia, the Medical College
of Wisconsin and at Detroit's Wayne State University. General
Motors and Ford continue to contribute 40% of the $750,000 Wayne
State receives each year to conduct such tests.
</p>
<p> In Germany parents who were asked to donate their children's
bodies were at first appalled. But almost all subsequently gave
their permission when they learned that data from the crash
tests are vital for constructing more than 120 types of instrumented
dummies, ranging in size from infants to adults, that can simulate
dozens of human reactions in a crash.
</p>
<p> Statistics, at least, seem to justify the use of cadavers. Despite
a nearly 75% increase in the number of cars on the road during
the past 20 years, the vehicle fatality rate in the U.S. has
decreased more than half. Much of that improvement is due to
the introduction of such devices as seat belts, air bags, safer
windshields and stronger doors--all of which were developed
with the aid of crash dummies. "My research with children's
corpses helps to save lives," Heidelberg researcher Dimitrios
Kallieris told the German newspaper Bild. "Anyone who has seen
smashed children in an accident will understand what is at stake."
</p>
<p> By Kevin Fedarko. Reported by Rhea Schoenthal/Bonn and Joseph
R. Szczesny/Detroit
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>